Sunny Cottage Holidays (SCH) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bright Cottage Holidays (SCH) - Assignment Example House proprietors then again promote with SCH dependent on the brand picture of the specialist, trust and solace levels they appreciate with the organization. The office necessitates that advertising and correspondence systems be utilized keeping the accompanying models in see. Momentary correspondence goals †¢The target fragment of SCH is in different phases of various leveled reactions. Correspondence system must be utilized to initially make and increment mindfulness about bungalow occasions instead of general occasions and brand mindfulness on the SCH bundle. This must be done through appealing publicizing procedure, great media arranging and special activities. Separation among SCH and its rivals must be obviously determined. †¢Next the office must concentrate on giving more data on SCH to the client. The ‘comprehension’ stage ought to permit advancement of site, direct mailers and so on that gives data about the occasion bundles. †¢Endorsements by specialists or input photographs and remarks from fulfilled SCH clients are different instruments that the office can investigate to persuade clients. Conviction must be the third significant phase of the activity. †¢Desire to buy must be created through a solid limited time blend that incorporates great exposure and overpowering proposals for the objective fragment. †¢Finally the crusade must rouse clients without hesitation which can be estimated by number of calls/messages questioning about the bundles. Criticism structures and fortunate coupons are different choices. The market and rivalry The market for autonomous family occasions in cabins is quickly developing, the same number of incline toward 'their space' as opposed to being a piece of a gathering. A developing 58% individuals favor the escape to the wide open for loosening up ends of the week and arranged get-aways. The opposition can be delegated, Neighborhood masters: Most bungalow operators are nearby authorities who center around travelers coming to explicit pieces of UK. For instance, the Wales house occasions organization in Wales has an exhaustive posting of occasion bungalows in all pieces of Wales. Its site and handout are its principle promoting arms stockpile. Other such region explicit cabin operators incorporate Cumbria houses (the Lake locale), Classic Cottages (for Devon and Cornwall), Mann's Holidays (North West Wales), Nefyn Holidays (Lleyn Peninsula and Snowdonia National Park), Marsdens Cottage Holidays (North Devon) and Holiday Homes and Cottages (South West). Their fundamental medium is a hued pamphlet which is regularly sent to clients. General pros: A little fragment of general authorities offer occasions across UK. For instance, Recommended bungalow occasions organization offers a scope of houses across UK. It has a shaded leaflet that rundowns the different cabins and a site that permits clients to check accessibility and reserve a spot. Its principle target showcase is enormous families and spotlights on family/corporate reunions. It advances itself as a conservative occasion supplier that offers a decent range. Other UK cabin occasion suppliers incorporate names of Hoseasons Holidays (settled and offers an incredible range) and Sykes houses. The objective market: clients Rather than settling on mass showcasing, the organization must embrace target advertising and should frame at least one market portions applicable to purchasing conduct. The sub gatherings or specialty advertises inside its recognized objective fragments can be distinguished as under. Geographic and Demographic division: Customers are normally couples matured 25 onwards

The education system is meritocratic Essay Example

The instruction framework is meritocratic Paper The instruction framework is seen from numerous points of view by various sociologists. When discussing the training framework sociologists are alluding to types of instruction where individuals experience auxiliary socialization which is the relearning of the standards and qualities got the hang of during essential socialization in the family; it is additionally seen as an operator of social control where kids are educated to adjust to social orders desires and they are shown this through the concealed educational program which is exercises which arent part of the national educational program which the administration says are should have been adapted however are exercises, for example, how to be respectful and who to be devoted to. The arrangement of meritocracy that the ones who do well are remunerated and the ones who not do well are not I. e. the individuals who do the best land the best position. The meritocratic perspective on the instruction framework implies that the framework is reasonable and underpins all notwithstanding, different sociologists dispose of this view as legitimizing an arrangement of imbalance where a few people contribution to riches/class show improvement over others. Functionalists accept that the instruction framework is meritocratic. A meritocracy is the possibility that the individuals who buckle down get rewards this is the view the most diligent understudies get the best grades and proceed to land the best positions they accept that it is distinction in social qualities that lead to contrasts in class results which have been seen consistently and were obvious toward the finish of the ongoing scholarly year with youngsters in the most elevated social classes showing improvement over those in the least social classes. We will compose a custom exposition test on The training framework is meritocratic explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The training framework is meritocratic explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The training framework is meritocratic explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Trough this arrangement of meritocracy there is a fairness of chance which is the place school makes a framework where all individuals can become equivalent regardless of what class, sexual orientation or ethnicity everybody has a similar chance to turn into a cop or a specialist. This meritocracy is said to filter and sort point of view understudies into their right situations as a grown-up in the public arena. As indicated by Parsons school is just the extension between the family or essential socialization and passage to work. He sees the instruction framework as a positive arrangement of putting the best understudies at the top both in school and in the long run the work place. This thought is upheld by Davis and Moore (1945) who state that meritocracy is the framework which social establishments (this incorporates school) use to filter and sort its individuals into various situations along these lines they accept that school is meritocratic. They see meritocracy as permitting the standards of delineation to happen where people are place and propelled into various positions. Marxists scrutinize Davis and Moore for having extraordinary moderate perspectives and being very class based. Functionalists see meritocracy as being obvious in the public eye and they use proof, for example, the ascent of average workers youngsters in colleges as there has been an ascent of common laborers kids in advanced education than in the fifties supporting the possibility of a meritocracy. This view anyway like others faces investigation from Marxists who state the confirmation that is given isnt as convincing as would be made out as the development of colleges has to a great extent profited the bourgeoisie as there are increasingly center and privileged individuals in colleges. They state that meritocracy is made yes so as to legitimize the framework they see the couple of common laborers kids in colleges as letting a couple through to keep the rest peaceful as it implies individuals acknowledge their situations as though I would have worked more earnestly I could have accomplished this. Marxists then because of this reality see the instruction as unjustifiable and not meritocratic. They do anyway accept that there is a fantasy of meritocracy which was made up to legitimize the arrangement of shamefulness in which the bourgeoisie rule and the low class are abused. The legend of meritocracy sets up a method of causing the common laborers to acknowledge that they are regular workers and will consistently be average workers this is the place legitimizing comes in they accept that the couple of working people kids that go to college make the remainder of the regular workers believe that its conceivable yet they just didnt make enough of an effort to accomplish the top positions and along these lines as Althusser discusses a tame and submissive workforce is created in light of the fact that the instruction arrangement of an entrepreneur society passes on the conviction through meritocracy that it is reasonable and the poor ought to acknowledge their destitution as its their deficiency as they didnt invest sufficient effort or they played. The legend of meritocracy is spoken about by Bowles and Gintis they said that school allocated understudies into occupations however said this was not a positive idea but rather a negative one which was legitimized by the fantasy of meritocracy where there is a thought that meritocracy exists and this is taken care of through the concealed educational program as kids are told through school on the off chance that you buckle down you can accomplish this yet this doesnt exist its just said to not exclusively to ensure there isn't an uprising against the industrialist framework yet in addition repeat the classes. Marxists reprimand functionalists thoughts behind meritocracy for various reasons. Functionalists state that the free training framework is verification of decency nonetheless, Marxists differ and talk about the presence of punctuation schools (whose understudies are for the most part from the white collar class) and tuition based schools which are likewise extremely working class foundations and government funded schools which are unreasonably costly for anybody outside the privileged and on the grounds that these schools exist and have better financing and more cash they can bear the cost of the best things to assist understudies with progressing nicely. Marxists additionally accept that there are burdens for common laborers youngsters before they even beginning school this through things, for example, material hardship this is average workers kids cannot manage the cost of things that others can, for example, coaches and now and again PCs this implies they have hindered assets so they cant conceivably have a similar possibility as others. Additionally Bourdieu however scrutinized for being socially inclination and recommending the average workers culture is a denied one he gets the point that instructors are white collar class thus schools are center organizations and therefore the regular workers cannot fit in just as the working class who have social capital do the best which is demonstrated quite a long time after year when GCSE and A-Level outcomes are discharged. They are additionally hindered in the manner that they speak; Labov and Bernstein talk about discourse codes and how these drawback the regular workers. Bernstein talked around two various types of discourse codes these are expounded which are exceptionally elucidating this is a white collar class method of talking and what is required in school and limiting which is everyday and comprises of slang words which make a perspective on an individual not being as brilliant. Labov proceeded to state that we should be mindful so as not to expect a limited discourse code implies that an individual is thick notwithstanding, decisions are made dependent on the manner in which individuals talk; in view of these hindrances the framework can not be meritocratic as meritocracy depends on an arrangement of reasonableness and relies upon individuals being equivalent from the earliest starting point. Interactionalists concur with Labov and Bernstein as they concur that individuals are named on what they look like and sound so by what method can their be a meritocracy if individuals are dealt with distinctively as indicated by parts of their character? The interactionalist approach is generally against the possibility of a meritocracy since they accept that educator naming exists and George Herbert Mead talked about representative interactionalism where our conduct is to some degree made by the manner in which we are treated by everyone around us; specifically criti cal others which are individuals who have force and control in our lives, for example, guardians, instructors, companions and accomplices. Specifically the job of instructors in training is gotten upon as Jacobson and Rosenthal (1968) found that when a gathering of kids came up from elementary school all at a similar level they told educators that some excelled on a test they made which anticipated future virtuoso this was a phony test and they picked arbitrarily who might be the scholarly drawers after a term they returned and found those that were named as scholarly knickers shown improvement over others this demonstrates meritocracy can not exist as educators name and can change results so few out of every odd one gets a reasonable possibility as though your marked as splendid youll improve and if your not you wont do too. David Gillborn whos look into is to a great extent ethnographic and still proceeds right up 'til today said in his book Racism and Education: Coincidence or Conspiracy distributed in 2008 that the framework isn't intended to elevate equity yet to keep up the accomplishment hole between the white students and those understudies of ethnic minorities by expressing this he quickly dismisses the possibility of a meritocracy as meritocracy is about individuals having equity from the earliest starting point and being decided upon difficult work be that as it may, if individuals are decided upon by ethnicity decency can't exist. Proof for this is Gillborn discovered that there was race naming in the Local instruction Authorities (LEA) who expected an ascent in white understudies accomplishment of 40 percent yet just a 17 percent ascend in that of dark students and in light of the fact that interactionalists accept that we are to a great extent formed by people around us on the off chance that dark students are not expected to do too, at that point they won't; this is simply the possibility of a satisfying prediction where a kid in persistently told that they won't progress admirably so they don't progress admirably. Stephan Ball

Omaha

Omaha Omaha o ´m?hä, â€"hô , city (1990 pop. 335,795), seat of Douglas co., E Nebr., on the west bank of the Missouri River; inc. 1857. The largest city in the state, it is a busy port of entry and a major transportation center. It is also one of the largest livestock markets and meat-processing centers in the world and a market for agricultural products. Besides food processing, the city's industries include the manufacture of farm machinery, fertilizers, electronic components, insecticides, chemicals, and paint. Omaha is also the home of many insurance and telecommunications companies, and a center for medical treatment and research. Founded when the Nebraska Territory was opened to settlement in 1854, it grew as a supply point for westward migration and became a thriving transportation and industrial center after the arrival of the railroad in 1869. It was the territorial capital from 1855 to 1867. A world's fair, the Trans-Mississippi and International Exhibition, was held there i n 1898. The city has noted park and school systems and is the seat of Creighton Univ., the Univ. of Nebraska at Omaha, and the College of St. Mary. Of interest are the Joslyn Art Museum, an aerospace museum, a Mormon cemetery, and Fontenelle Forest. Fort Omaha (built 1868) serves as headquarters of the naval reserve training command. Offutt Air Force Base , south of the city, was the headquarters of the Strategic Air Command (SAC) from 1946 to 1992, when SAC was abolished; the interservice Strategic Command is now based there. Boys Town is to the west of the city. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

The Salem Witch Trials Of 1692 - 1270 Words

The Salem Witch Trials The year 1692 is remembered as one of the most scandalous times in American History. Throughout the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, over a hundred people were accused of practicing witchcraft (the majority of them being women). 14 women were hung, and 5 men were accused leading to a total of 19 people dying due to these trials. One man was even pressed to death by substantial weights for declining to enter a plea (Linder 1). No less than eight individuals passed on in jail, including one baby and one child; and more than one hundred and fifty people were imprisoned while anticipating trial. The primary reasons for the witch trials were clashes over managing governmental issues, religion, family, financial aspects, and apprehensions of the citizens. The Salem Witch Trials reflect the harsh and rigid judgements of the Puritans and citizens of Salem. It is one of the most intriguing story in American History. The accusations began on January 20, 1692, when Reverend Pa rris, the Puritan minister of Salem, noticed strange behavior from his nine-year old daughter, Elizabeth, and his eleven-year-old niece, Abigail Williams (Blumberg 5). The two children started showing odd conduct including yelling vulgar words and going into dazes. Parris contacted the local physician, William Griggs, but he was unable to find out what was wrong with the children. Griggs suspected some demonic behavior from the children, so Parris spoke with other ministers. Not even a dayShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials Of 16921281 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a sequence of hearings, prosecutions, and hangings of people who were thought to be involved in witchcraft in Massachusetts. These trials occurred between February 1692 and May 1693(The Salem Witch Trials, 1692. ). The Trials resulted in the execution of twenty people, in fact, most of them were women. The first of the trials began in several towns in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, such as Sa lem Village (currently known as Danvers), Salem Town, Ipswich, and Andover(SalemRead MoreSalem Witch Trials Of 16921271 Words   |  6 PagesSalem Witch Trials of 1692 Salem was a very disperse community in the Massachusetts Bay colony with a growing Puritan community in the northern America. Towns in the colony were scattered by a half days travel or more. In view of this, transportation and communication was a very slow and the settlers were threatened by the attack of bears and other wild animals. Puritans were spiritual people and believed that God is the ruler of everything they possessed. The puritans believed that they were theRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of 1692 Essay2205 Words   |  9 Pages The Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692 were a dark time in American history. There were many possible causes of the Salem Witch Trials. A few major causes that led to the Salem Witch Trials were religion, reputations, and lack of laws. Life before the infamous Salem Witchcraft Trials was extremely mundane and normal. Salem villagers led a simple life in the customs of the Puritans. The Salem village and society was based and founded on the Puritan religion. The people had a very set lifestyle withRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692941 Words   |  4 PagesA. Plan of the investigation The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 were a dark and very crucial time in American history. The late sixteen hundreds consisted of relying on young girls for the truth; but to what extent did the puritan’s religion and culture have in the proceedings of the Salem Witch Trials? A focus on the religion that the puritans believed in and their culture will be discussed. Also, how their faith turned them against those who were accused of witchcraft. It is also neededRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trial Hysteria Of 1692879 Words   |  4 PagesThe Salem Witch Trial hysteria of 1692 caused 20 people to be hung or pressed to death and 4 perished in jail. In addition, 200 people in Salem were accused of being witches. On June 10 of 1692, Bridget Bishop was charged with practicing witchcraft and she was also accused of bewitching her husband to death. The result of her not confessing was that she was hung to her death. All of this frenzy started in the house of Samuel Parris. His daught ers were consumed by the bizarre tales told by their IndianRead MoreThe Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials Of 1692700 Words   |  3 PagesSalem Witch Trials DBQ   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How would you feel if your life was ruined just because you were considered unfit for society? This is exactly what was going on during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. Prior to the trials, there were witch hunts that caused global unease mainly to Protestant societies. King Philip’s War also contributed to this unease by pushing people from the east coast and into Puritan towns. These towns had misogynistic male leadership, depriving many people of humanity becauseRead MoreEssay on Salem Witch Trials Of 16921061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692 In colonial Massachusetts between February of 1692 and May of 1963 over one hundred and fifty people were arrested and imprisoned for the capital felony of witchcraft. Trials were held in Salem Village, Ipswich, Andover and Salem Town of Essex County of Massachusetts, but accusations of witchcraft occurred in surrounding counties as well. Nineteen of the accused, fourteen women and five men, were hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem Village. Hysteria had swept throughRead MoreWitch Hunts : The Salem Witch Trials Of 1692938 Words   |  4 PagesWitch Hunts Essay â€Å"Its funny how everyone hates witch hunts†¦ until they see a witch† - Jon Stewart Even though The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 was one of the most well-known witchcraft trials over the world, the idea of witchcraft stretches over a long period of time and spreads throughout the world. One of the earliest known witch hunts according to (witchcraftandwitches.com) were in the mid 15th century, where Pope Innocent VII claimed that Satanists in Germany were meeting with demonsRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials And The Witch Hunts Of 1692801 Words   |  4 Pagesduring the witch hunts of 1692. The primary source that is being analyzed isn’t about him but is from many stories that he collected and put them together in a manuscript. This manuscript that contains true accounts about the trial and it included the attempted escape of Mrs. Cary of Charlestown Massachusetts told from her husband Nathaniel Cary’s viewpoint. I believe that Nathaniel Cary wanted this account to be written in order to highlight and expose how the puritans handled the witch trials and spe cificallyRead MoreThe Spring Of 1692 Salem Witch Trials1698 Words   |  7 PagesIn the spring of 1692 the Salem witch trials began. During this time in history women accused of being witches often faced being torture, testing, and trials. Most of the time witches experienced executions if not that, put in jail. The townspeople tortured the accused witches in the most inhumane ways. This is considered a very dark and eerie time of the Puritans in Salem, Massachusetts (P., Shaunak). A group of young girls in Salem, Massachusetts told the people of their town they had been possessed

International markets Essay Online For Fre - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2215 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Critically discuss the various modes of entry for which an organisation can internationalise their operations. Is there one mode that is preferred above others? Introduction to Foreign Market Entry Modes An organisation has a number of different entry modes to choose from when it internationalizes its operations. This essay will focus on the different types of foreign entry modes organisations have to choose from. As well as what organisational circumstances, goals, and objectives are best suited to the types of different entry modes. Examples will also be given of organisations which have used these different entry modes when going international. There is no one entry mode that is superior to another, instead the organisations circumstances, goals, and objectives will be best suited to a certain entry mode. An organisations internal resources and capabilities, and the environment of the country of entry are other important considerations when choosing the foreign entry mode. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International markets Essay Online For Fre" essay for you Create order Changes Leading to Internationalization Changes in the internal and external environment have meant that more and more firms are expanding their operations across country borders. External factors such as: the removal of trade barriers, free trade agreements between countries, and an emerging middle class has made the idea of going global more attractive to organisations across the world. Internal factors such as: increasing profits, increasing market share and becoming a global brand are more drivers for organisations to globalise. Whilst there are a lot of drivers of internationalisation, and hence potential advantages to internationalise, there is no one best entry mode. All organisations will have different reasons for going global, which will have an influence on which entry mode is best suited to them. An organisation will need to determine their desired level of commitment, flexibility, control, presence and risk when going global, in order to choose the entry mode which best suits their situation. A numb er of foreign entry modes exist, including: exporting, licensing, franchising, joint venture and wholly owned subsidiary. The following section will analyse these foreign entry modes in greater detail. Types of Foreign Entry Modes Exporting Exporting is a cross border sale of domestically grown or produced goods Cavusgil, 2004). There are three types of exporting: indirect exporting, direct exporting and cooperative exporting. Indirect exporting is the most low risk entry mode as there is effectively no exposure to the foreign market and its associated risks (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). The organisation is merely selling their product to an agent in the foreign market who then sells the product on to an intermediary. Exporting is a common method used by organisations when they first enter a new market. Organisations choose this options as its low risk, it requires less commitment, and gets their brand exposure to the new market. A number of organisations choose indirect export as an entry mode to see if the foreign market is receptive of their brand. In situations where the foreign market is receptive, an organisation may choose to further ingrain their presence in the foreign market with higher commitment, higher presence, and higher risk foreign entry mode strategies (Cavusgil, 2004). Exporting has become more prevalent across the globe due to the removal of trade barriers, and transport becoming cheaper and more efficient (Shaver, 2011). A direct export is the same as an indirect export except that it doesnt involve an agent who sells the good to the intermediary. Direct exporting is a very common entry mode used by organisations who want exposure to a foreign market, but want to limit the risks associated with other types of entry modes. The Austrian energy drink Red Bull entered Australia using direct export as its entry mode. Red Bull is the leading energy drink brand in the Australian market, holding a 36% market share (Speedy, 2011). This case of Red Bull supports that exporting can be a very successful foreign entry mode strategy. Cooperative exporting is another exporting option that organisations can use as a foreign market entry strategy. Organisations use this entry mode by entering an agreement with another foreign or local organisation to use its distribution network (Kotler Armstrong 2012). This entry mode allows organisations reach to the foreign market without the associated risks that come with other entry modes. Cooperative exporting is generally mutually beneficial, provided the goods being exported dont impede the sale of other products being sold (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). For cooperative exporting to be successful the exported product should complement, as oppose to compete against other products being sold. US chewing gum company Wrigley successfully entered the Indian market using cooperative export as their foreign entry mode. Wrigley entered a cooperative export agreement with Parrys, a local confectionery company, by doing so Wrigley gained access to 250,000 retail outlets (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). Licensing International licensing is a cross border agreement that permits organisations in the target country the rights to use the property of the licensor (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). This property is generally intangible and includes: trademarks, patents, and production techniques. The licensee is required to pay a fee in exchange for the rights specified in the contract between the parties. Licensing is commonly chosen because its low risk, has low exposure to economic and political conditions, has high return on investment and is preferred by local governments (Agrawal Ramaswami, 1992). Microsoft Corp and Walt Disney Co are two examples of large multinationals that have had success in foreign markets using licensing as their entry mode. Whilst licensing in these examples have been very successful and undoubtedly the right foreign market entry mode, licensing does have its limitations. Licensing can reduce the potential profit of outright ownership, affect the image of the brand du e to lack of control over licensee, and nurture a potential future competitor (Brouthers, 2013). Franchising Franchising is a foreign market entry strategy where a semi-independent business owner (the franchisee) pays fees and royalties to the franchiser to use a companys trademark and sell its products and/or services (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). The terms and conditions of a franchise package vary depending on the contract, however it generally includes: equipment, operations and management manual, staff training, and location approval (Alon, 2014). Franchising is commonly used and a largely successful method of cross border market entry, however organisations pursuing this entry mode need to consider both the positive and negative aspects of franchising. The most common advantages of franchising are that it capitalises on an already successful strategy, the franchisee generally has local knowledge, its less risky than equity based foreign entry modes, and the franchisor isnt exposed to risks associated with the foreign market (Alon, 2014). Subway, 7-Eleven, Pizza Hut, and McDona lds are just a few examples of organisations that have been successful using franchising as their foreign market entry mode. Subway was founded in 1965 in the United States; using franchising as a foreign market entry strategy it has grown to have over 42,000 stores in 107 countries. Subway is now the worlds largest franchise and highlights how successful franchising can be (Subway, 2014). Just like in the case of Subway, franchising allows for rapid expansion that would be unlikely using other foreign entry modes. Whilst in general, franchising is a popular and successful mode for foreign market entry, there are a few potential shortcomings. These shortcomings include: decreased brand quality due to not having full control over franchises, not maximising profit as franchisor only receives a royalty fee and not the full profit made, and the possibility of nurturing a future competitor. Whilst these potential shortcomings could be detrimental to an organisation, franchising is continually chosen as a foreign market entry mode as franchisors believe that the rewards outweigh the risks. Joint Venture An organisation may choose a joint venture as their foreign market entry mode for a number of different reasons, for example: to divide the risk with other parties, to leverage of each others strengths etc. However if a joint venture is to be successful the two or more organisations that form the joint venture must/should have common objectives in regards to: the market of entry, acceptable levels of risk/reward of the market entered, the sharing of technology, joint product development and the following of local government laws (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). Joint ventures often thrive if the following conditions are present between the partners: converging goals, small market share compared to the market leader, and are able to learn from one another without surrendering their competitive advantage or intellectual property (Chang, Chung Moon, 2012). Under the right circumstances, a joint venture can allow an organisation to gain access to a new market which it previously wou ldnt have been able to do so by itself. The main restriction in this situation is generally the local government. A local government may choose to impose restrictions on wholly owned foreign investment for a number of reasons, such as: threat to local players, threat to the environment, threat to the long term prosperity of the industry etc. A real life example of this is Singapore Airlines entering the Indian market. The Indian government imposes restrictions on foreign airlines entering the local airline industry as a wholly owned subsidiary (The Indian Express, 2014). However Singapore Airlines entered a joint venture with the Tata group, and owns a 49% stake in the SIA/Tata alliance (The Indian Express, 2014). Whilst SIA wanted to enter the Indian domestic airline market with maximum presence, entering as a wholly owned subsidiary was not possible. Entering as a joint venture in this situation was the best entry mode for SIA as it allowed maximum exposure, maximum commitm ent, maximum flexibility and maximum potential rewards. Wholly Owned Subsidiary A wholly owned subsidiaries is the process where by an organisation enters a foreign market with 100% ownership of the foreign entity (Yiu Makino, 2002). The two ways that wholly owned subsidiaries come about is through either acquisition or greenfield operations. Acquisition is the purchase of a foreign organisation as a way to enter a new market. A greenfield operation is the creation of a new organisation and legal entity in the foreign market. A number of organisations that want to limit their risk, while maximising their exposure to the foreign market will choose acquisition as their entry mode. This is because an acquisition uses an already established brand name and customer base. However neither acquisition or greenfield are seen as superior to one another, the entry mode which is more beneficial is dependent upon the organisations circumstances, goals and objectives. Wholly owned subsidiaries incur more risks than all the entry modes previously mentioned, however if implemented correctly and in the right circumstances, it generally results in high rewards (profits). An organisation that enters a market as a wholly owned subsidiary has: high control, high commitment, high presence and high risk/reward. A wholly owned subsidiary allows an organisation to reach diverse geographic regions, markets and different industries. Through entering the correct markets and with good management a wholly owned subsidiary is a good hedge against market changes, such as political changes, legal changes and declines in different sectors (Yiu Makino, 2002). Conclusion No one entry mode is considered to be superior to one another. When an organisation is choosing to internationalise their operations, they will first need to decide what its optimal levels of: commitment, flexibility, control, presence and risk are in order to select the most appropriate entry mode. An organisations internal resources and capabilities are another important consideration when choosing the foreign entry mode. The market of entry is also another important consideration for the organisation planning to internationalize their operations. A PESTLE analysis of the foreign market will help the firm to gain a better understanding of the market environment. The process for an organisation to internationalize their operations is often quite difficult, and so is the process of choosing the foreign market entry mode. Its for this reason that there is no superior foreign market entry mode. From the examples given its clear that each entry mode can be successful if implemen ted in the right circumstances. References Agrawal, S., Ramaswami, S. (1992). Choice of Foreign Market Entry Mode: Impact of Ownership, Location and Internalization Factors. Journal of International Business Studies. Volume 23, No. 1. pp. 1- 27. Alon, I. (2014). Global Franchising Operations Management: Cases in Franchise, International, and Emerging Markets Operations. Australia. Angus Robertson. Brouthers, K. (2013). Institutional, cultural, and transaction cost influences on entry mode choice and performance. International Business Studies. Volume 44. pp 203-221 Cavusgil, S. (2004). Differences among exporting firms based on their degree of internationalization. Journal of Business Research. Volume 12, Issue 2. pp. 195-208 Chang, S., Chung, J., Moon, J. (2012). When do wholly owned subsidiaries perform better than joint ventures? . Strategic Management Journal. Volume 34, Issue 3. pp. 317- 337. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2012). Principles of Marketing. Australia: Pearson. Shaver, J. (2011). The bene fits of geographic sales diversification: How exporting facilitates capital investment. Strategic Management Journal. Volume 32, Issue 10. pp. 1046- 1060. Speedy, B. (2011). Popular energy drinks have the majors buzzing. The Australian. [Online] Available on https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/popular-energy-drinks-have-the-majors-buzzing/story-e6frg8zx-1225985880656 [accessed 3rd July 2014]. Subway. (2014). Facts and History. [Online] Available from https://www.subway.co.uk/business/franchise/facts_and_history.aspx [Accessed 3rd July 2014]. The Indian Express. (2014). Tata-Singapore Airlines JV expects operator permit next month, ops in Sept. Available from: https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/tata-singapore-airlines-jv-expects-operator-permit-next-month-ops-in-sept/. [Accessed 4th July 2014]. Yiu, D., Makino, S. (2002). The Choice Between Joint Venture and Wholly Owned Subsidiary: An Institutional Perspective. Organization Science. Volume 13 , Issue 6. pp. 667-683

Mechanical Test of Ldpe and Hdpe P Free Essays

string(32) " rate and the impurity content\." Mechanical Test of LDPE and HDPE Processed by Extrusion, Injection Molding, Compression Molding and Sheet Extrusion Abstract LDPE and HDPE were processed by extrusion, injection molding, and sheet extrusion. Their mechanical properties such as tensile strength and percent elongation were measured by tensile test and analyzed statistically (Table 2). During the extrusion process, both polymers underwent die swelling. We will write a custom essay sample on Mechanical Test of Ldpe and Hdpe P or any similar topic only for you Order Now The water cooled polymer cords have a higher tensile strength but lower % elongation compared to the air cooled cords. HDPE has a much higher strength than LDPE due to its high crystallinity. LDPE and HDPE samples processed by injection molding and sheet extrusion show the same tendency in the extent of yield strength and elastic modulus. For sheet extrusion, the heat treated polymer sheet has a higher strength than the non-heat treated sheet because heating leads to an increase in both crystallinity and crystallite size. The specimen in rolling direction also has a higher strength than those in transverse direction due to the alignment of the polymer chains in rolling direction. UHMWPE (Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene) saucer was processed by compression molding. The cross section of the saucer was examined by optical microscopy. Further, the melting temperature of PEO was determined to be 74. 0 °C ~ 78. 9 °C. Introduction A polymer is a chemical compound or mixture of compounds consisting of repeating structural units created through a process of polymerization. 1 The units composing polymers derive from molecules of low relative molecular mass. When all the repeating units along a chain are of the same type, the resulting polymer is called homopolymer. Chains composed of two or more different repeat units are termed copolymers. The physical characteristics of a polymer depend both on its molecular weight and shape, and the structure of the molecular chains. The chain structures include linear polymer, branched polymer, crosslinked polymer and network polymer. The polymer synthesized in this experiment, LDPE and HDPE, have different chain structures (i. e. LDPE is a branched polymer and HDPE is a linear polymer. ). The polymer chain structure has a significant influence on polymer crystallinity, which is defined as the packing of molecular chains to produce an ordered atomic array. The mechanical properties that investigated in this paper, such as tensile strength, elastic modulus and percent elongation, greatly depend on the crystallinity of the polymer sample. Polymers play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life from those of familiar synthetic plastics and other materials of day-to-day work and home life, to the natural biopolymers that are fundamental to biological structure and function. 1 Qu ite a variety of different techniques are employed in the forming of polymeric materials. Molding is the most common method for forming plastic polymers. The several molding techniques used include extrusion molding, compression molding, blow molding and injection molding. 3 During molding, crystal regions in polymer melts upon heating. The resulted polymer melts are non-Newtonian fluids, and their viscosity depends on the shear rate. Melt index (MI) could be used to indicate the viscosity of the fluid. It is defined as the mass of polymer flowing in ten minutes through a capillary of a specific diameter and length by a pressure applied. 4 Polymer melts are formed into a continuous charge of viscous fluid. The viscous fluid then solidifies into polymer product with specific shapes. During the solidification process, polymer melts recrystallizes and forms spherulite structure consisted of both amorphous region and lamellar. Experimental Procedure Crystallization of PEO Crystallization of PEO (Sigma-Aldrich Co. , St. Louis, MD) was observed by optical microscopy. Sample of PEO powder was placed on glass slide and heated up using hot stage. Both the melting and the solidification processes were observed under optical microscope under crossed polarizer. The melting range was determined to be 74. 0 °C ~ 78. 9 °C. Extrusion of LDPE and HDPE Both LDPE (MI = 0. 25, Equistar ) and HDPE (MI = 9, Equistar) pellets were processed into cords using single-screw extruder (Model TL3215B, Extruders ). The die temperature was 350  °C, Zone temperatures were all 425  °C and the screw speed was about 3. 6 rpm. Water cooling and air cooling were carried out for mechanical properties evaluation. Tensile tests were performed on both LDPE and HDPE cords in order to evaluate their mechanical properties. Compression Molding UHMWPE (Ticona) powder was used to produce UHMWPE saucer by using a compression molding apparatus (Model 3725, Carver). The starting temperature was 245 F, and the molding temperature was 310 F. The cross section of the saucer was examined by optical microscopy. Injection Molding Both LDPE (MI = 9, Equistar) and HDPE (MI = 7, Equistar) pellets were processed into dog bone specimens by injection molding. The barrel, nozzle and mold temperatures used are listed below. Tensile tests were performed on both LDPE and HDPE specimens in order to evaluate their mechanical properties. Table 1. Barrel, Nozzle and Mold temperatures for injection molding. | LDPE| HDPE| Barrel Temperature | 390 °F| 400 °F| Nozzle Temperature| 395 °F| 405 °F| Mold Temperature| 275 °F| 275 °F| Sheet Extrusion Both LDPE (MI = 0. 25, Equistar) and HDPE (MI = 9, Equistar) pellets were processed into polymer sheets using sheet extruder (Model KLB125, Extruders). The die temperature was 375  °C. Zone temperatures were all 420  °C. Adapter temperature was also 420 °C. The screw speed was about 20 rpm and the roller speed was set up to 2. 0 rpm. Heat treatment using glass furnace was performed on both polymers. Tensile tests were carried out in order to evaluate the mechanical properties of both LDPE and HDPE. Result and Discussion Crystallization of PEO The melting temperature of PEO was determined to be 74. 0 °C ~ 78. 9 °C, where the literature melting temperature of PEO is 65 °C. The polymer melting behavior is a function of the rate of heating5. That the measured melting temperature is higher than the literature value results from the relative high heat rate (20 °C/ min). Besides, the melting temperature for polymer is a range instead of a single point. The melting temperature depends on the molecular weight of the polymer chain, the thickness of the chain-folded lamellae, the heating rate and the impurity content. You read "Mechanical Test of Ldpe and Hdpe P" in category "Papers" Since the PEO samples used contain polymer chains with different size, and they were heat at an inconstant rate, the melting must take place over a range of temperatures. | | | | Figure 1. Micrographs of PEO melting stage at 10X. (a). Full spherulite (red circle) growth at 54. 8 °C. (b). Spherulite starts to disappear 74. 0 °C. (c). Spherulite completely disappeared at 78. 9 °C. A A | B B | C C | D D | Figure 2. Micrographs of PEO crystallization stages at 10X. (a). Completely melted polymer. (b). Spherulite start to grow from nucleation site (red circle). (c). Growing of spherulite (red circle). (d). Spherulite structure of PEO and interspherulite boundary. The spherulite consisted of chain-folded crystallites (lamellae) and amorphous region start to grow from the nucleation site at 56. 7 °C. Individual lamellae are separated by amorphous materials. As shown in Fig. 2 (c), the spherulite keeps growing and getting larger as the recrystallization process continues. When the crystallization of a spherulite structure nears completion, the extremities of adjacent spherulites begin to impinge on one another, forming planar boundaries (Fig. 2 (d)). At 56. 0 °C, the crystallization process of PEO sample reached completion. Compression Molding A A | B B | Figure 3. Micrographs of middle cut (B) and outer cut (A) of UHMWPE saucer at 20X. The mold is closed with a top force. Pressure is applied to force the material into contact with all mold areas, and heat and pressure are maintained until the molding material has cured. During that process, particles diffuse together and become one piece. As shown in Fig. 3, the outer cut of the UHMWPE saucer has lower porosity, and the middle section of the saucer has a much higher porosity. The outer region of the saucer was cooled much faster than the middle section of the saucer. Slowing cooling rate in the middle section led to the high porosity. Liquidus polymer shrinks as it solidify into solid leaving a large amount of pores in the middle section. Extrusion and Sheet Extrusion Die swell happened during extrusion as shown in Fig. 4. A flow stream has a constant rate before entering the die. It also occupies a spherical conformation and maximizes the entropy. 6 As it goes through the die, polymer loses its spherical shape and becomes less entangled. Therefore, the entropy is lowered. When polymer melt comes out of the nozzle, the remaining physical entanglements cause the polymer melt to relax (i. e. egain a portion of its former shape) and restore the entropy. It appears like the polymer is swelling at the nozzle. Figure 4. Die swelling happened when polymer melt came out of the nozzle. Air cooled LDPE took 3 runs before fracture, and the water cooled LDPE took 2 runs before fracture. As shown in Fig. 5, both water cooled and air cooled LDPE cords have sim ilar elastic modulus and yield strength. However, the air cooled cord has a higher tensile strength but lower percent elongation. Since the degree of crystallinity depends on cooling rate during solidification, the higher the cooling rate , the higher the degree of crystallinity. Increasing in crystallinity increases the hardness but lower the ductility of the polymer cords. Thus, water cooled LDPE cord has higher tensile strength but lower % elongation compared to the air cooled one. Figure 5. Extrusion sample stress vs. strain plot. Red curve represents water cooled LDPE cord, and blue curve represents air cooled LDPE cord. Figure 6. Sheet extrusion sample Stress vs. Strain plot. Blue curve represents heat treated LDPE specimen in rolling direction. Purple curve represents non-heat treated LDPE specimen in rolling direction. Red curve represents non-heat treated LDPE specimen in transverse direction. Green curve represents heat treated LDPE specimen in transverse direction. Figure 7. Sheet extrusion sample Stress vs. Strain plot. Blue curve represents non-heat treated HDPE specimen in rolling direction. Purple curve represents heat treated HDPE specimen in rolling direction. Red curve represents non-heat treated HDPE specimen in transverse direction. Green curve represents heat treated HDPE specimen in transverse direction. Tensile test result of sheet extruded LDPE and HDPE specimens are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 above. HDPE specimens have higher yield strength, elastic modulus and % elongation. HDPE has a linear chain structure. It was highly packed. Therefore, it has a larger density and higher degree of crystallinity than LDPE. Molecular chains are closely packed in an ordered arrangement in crystalline region. The alignment of the packed chains in crystalline region makes the intermolecular secondary bonding much stronger than it is in amorphous region. Thus, HDPE with higher crystallinity has a much higher strength than LDPE. The heat treated specimen has higher yield strength and tensile strength than non-heat treated specimens. It is also due to the increasing in the percent crystallinity, which makes the polymer harder but less ductile. Further, polymer specimen in rolling direction has higher yield strength and elastic modulus, but lower percent elongation compared to samples in transverse direction. It is because during drawing the molecular chains slip past on another and become highly oriented. This alignment once again enhances the tensile modulus in the direction of drawing (RD), while reduces the tensile strength in the direction (TD) perpendicular to the rolling direction. Injection Molding Figure 8. Stress vs. Strain plot of HDPE samples processed by injection molding. Figure 9. Stress vs. Strain plot of LDPE samples processed by injection molding. Table 2. Statistic data of HDPE and LDPE samples processed by injection molding. | HDPE| LDPE| | ? y (MPa)| E (GPa)| %EL| ? y(MPa)| E (GPa)| %EL| 1| 19. 317| 0. 41| 163| 5. 29| 0. 040| 131| 2| 23. 216| 0. 44| 265| 5. 38| 0. 050| 155| 3| 23. 77| 0. 49| 69| 6. 302| 0. 049| 144| 4| 24. 142| 0. 78| 509| 6. 408| 0. 058| 141| Average| 22. 61| 0. 53| 251. 50| 5. 85| 0. 049| 142. 75| Standard Deviation | 2. 23| 0. 17| 189. 41| 0. 59| 0. 0073| 9. 8| 95% Confidence Interval | 22. 61 ±3. 54| 0. 53 ±0. 27| 251. 50 ±301. 35| 5. 85 ±0. 94| 0. 049 ±0. 012| 142. 75 ±15. 72| Compared to literature value , P-value| t = 3. 22,Df=3,P5%| t= 6. 47,Df=3, P5%| N/A| t=10. 66,Df = 3, P5%| t=33. 33,Df = 3, P5%| N/A| Literature value | 26. 2| 1. 08| 100-650| 9. 0| 0. 172| 10-1200| Tensile test results of the injection molding specimen are illustrated in Fig. 8, Fig. 9, and Table 2. HDPE specimen has a yield strength of 22. 61 ±3. 54 MPa, an elastic modulus of 0. 53 ±0. 27 GPa, and a percent elongation of ( 251. 50 ±301. 35 )% within 95% confidence interval. LDPE specimen has a yield strength of 5. 85 ±0. 94MPa, an elastic modulus of 0. 049 ±0. 012GPa, and a percent elongation of (142. 75 ±15. 72)% within 95% confidence interval. T-test was carried out to compare the difference between the literature value and the experimental value for both yield strength and elastic modulus. The result shows that the experimental yield strength and elastic modulus of both LDPE and HDPE differ from their literature values significantly. Both LDPE and HDPE have a wide range of % elongation, therefore, the difference between experimental %EL and literature %EL was not examined. In addition, there are significant difference between the yield strength of LDPE and the yield strength of HDPE (T-test shown in Appendix) that HDPE has a much higher strength than LDPE. It is because HDPE has a highly packed linear chain structure, a larger density and a higher degree of crystallinity than LDPE. Conclusion Total three types of polymer, UHMWPE, LDPE and HDPE, were processed via four molding techniques. UHMWPE saucer was produced by compression molding. The cooling rate of the polymer melts has a great influence on the porosity of the polymer. Die swelling happened during extrusion as a result of the relaxation of polymer melts. The melting temperature of PEO was determined to be 74. 0 °C ~ 78. 9 °C. The inconstant heat rate and the fact that PEO is composed of molecules having a variety of molecular weight make the temperature range well above the literature melting point. The air cooled extruded cord has a higher tensile strength but lower percent elongation due to higher crystallinity. HDPE is harder but more ductile than LDPE. It also results from its highly pack linear structure and higher degree of crystallinity. T-test was performed on injection molded samples that HDPE specimen has a yield strength of 22. 61 ±3. 54 MPa, an elastic modulus of 0. 53 ±0. 27 GPa, and a percent elongation of (251. 50 ±301. 35 )% while LDPE specimen has much a lower yield strength of 5. 85 ±0. 94MPa, an elastic modulus of 0. 049 ±0. 012GPa, and a percent elongation of (142. 75 ±15. 72)% within 95% confidence interval. References 1. Painter, Paul C. ; Coleman, Michael M. (1997). Fundamentals of polymer science : an introductory text. Lancaster, Pa. : Technomic Pub. Co. p. 1. 2. WIlliam, D. (2007). Material science and engineering an introduction. 7th ed. , pp. 489-568). John WileySons, Inc. 3. Todd, Robert H. ; Allen, Dell K. ; Alting, Leo (1994). Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide. Industrial Press, Inc. 4. A. V. Shenoy, D. R. Saini: Melt Flow Index: More Than Just a Quality Control Parameter. Part I. , Advances in Polymer Technology, vol 6, No. 1, pp 1 – 58. 5. Harrison, I. R. , Runt, J. (2003). The heating rate dependence of polymer melting points. Journal of Polymer Science,  17(2), 321-328. Appendix (1). 95% CI , yield strength of HDPE X=22. 61, S= 2. 23 , t3 = 3. 182, n=4 t3*(S/sqrt(n)) = 3. 54 So, 95% Cl is 22. 1 ±3. 54 MPa. (2). H0 : Mo = M , yield strength of HDPE equal its literature value. Ha : Mo ? M T= (X-Mo)*sqrt(n)/ S , X=22. 61, S= 2. 23 , n=4, M0 = 26. 2 T= -3. 22 while df = 3 P = 0. 027 0. 05 So, Mo ? M, Ha is correct. (3). H0 : M1- M2 = 0, yield strength of HDPE equal yield strength of LDPE Ha : M1- M2 ? 0 n1=n2= 3 , S1= 2. 23, S2 = 0. 59 Sp = sqrt[(2. 23^2)/2+(0. 59^2)/2] = 1. 632 X1=22. 61, X2=5. 85 T= (X1-X2-0)/ [Sp*sqrt(1/n1+1/n2)]= 14. 52, df=6 P0. 0005 So, M1- M2 ? 0, Ha is correct, yield strength of HDPE has a significant difference from the yield strength of LDPE. How to cite Mechanical Test of Ldpe and Hdpe P, Papers

Economy Efficiency and Effective Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economy Efficiency and Effective. Answer: Introduction: The terms economy, efficiency and effectiveness are often used imprecisely especially referring to value for money. This is because the implications of these terms have transcended their technical meanings to apply to broader areas in the world. The same applies to the words efficiency and effectiveness. The paper would show how these three terms are used imprecisely especially while describing public contexts. The author would go on to introduce the three terms namely, economy, efficiency and effectiveness in their literal meaning and then go deeper into these terms to show the actual usage of them. The paper would show the vast usage of these terms and how they have transcended their literal meanings to serve broader public services perspectives. The researcher would discover that these three words are interrelated and cannot be studied with each other. The organisation considered to conduct the study is the Irish branch of HSE, HSE Ireland (hse.ie 2018). Economy: The term economy refers to areas of production of goods and services. The term is used to mark areas of distribution or trading of goods and services. An economy is often defined as a system which enables manufacture, distribution and consumption of goods. The consumers in different economies enjoy services like public health and medical services for subsidised costs. Thus, here economy acts a facility which enables circulation of financial capital between the producers (public sector health service providers) and consumers. As this definition points out that the term is not restricted within any specific country or geographical area (Veleva et al. 2015). Economies have no specific physical boundaries as they are systems which enable flow of money from, producers (health service providers) to patients (consumers) all over the world. Audretsch, Lehmann and Wright (2014) argue that the above discussion apparently points out that financial resources flow in the global economy freely whi ch is not true and feasible. The flow of financial resources in the global economy is controlled by governments and international organisations to ensure that the resources flow into the areas of further public benefits (Arvis et al. 2016). The governments regulate the flow of money within their jurisdictions through various public service organisations like apex banks and stock exchanges. The governments regulate the flow of money within their jurisdiction to provide services to their people. For example HSE Ireland is a public sector health service which works according to the directives of the European Union on no gain or profit basis (hse.gov.uk 2018). This involvement of governments in the welfare of people through public services adds value to the money flowing in the global economy. These important roles of governments and international organisations have led to use of the word economy and countries interchangeably. The following are the new aspects of the word economy which is used in global scenario today: Traditional economy: Traditional economies are economies in which customs, traditional perceptions and beliefs decide the production of goods and services in the economies. These factors even decide the terms and manners the producers and consumers exchange goods and services. The traditional economies are mostly restricted within rural areas where the medium of exchange is not standardised (Edwards 2017). People exchange products of certain values with products of equal values. This analysis shows that traditional economic systems are not developed to allow large scale flow of goods. This purpose is served by modern economies which are empowered with the infrastructure to allow and control flow of resources all round the world. Modern economies: The term modern economy refers to economies which have the infrastructure to allow global flows of money. The following are the salient features of modern economies: Integration and logistisation of economies: Stiglitz and Rosengard (2015) point out that, modern economies today are characterised by massive logistization of resources between countries. The governments, the suppliers, wholesalers and logistics companies today form strategies regarding movement of goods and services between countries. For example, the public services like HSE Ireland enable flow of medical services throughout Ireland to ensure access of Irish people to treatment and healthy lives. The logistics arms of HSE transports medicines to the most interior areas of Ireland to ensure that the patients can get access to these facilities easily. Thus, the term economy in the global context can be referred to as networks controlled by governments to enhance the value of money (Sini 2015). Informatization: Another salient feature of modern economies is use of information technology to integrate and manage movement of goods and services. For example, the government of Ireland can gain use its information network to gain information on the requirements for medical aids in different regions in the country. The government then collaborates through HSE, its health sector organisation working under public sector with other non-profit making organisations to provide medical services in those areas (Lei, Mol and Shuai 2017). This meeting demand and supply generates revenue in the global economy. Thus, it can be inferred from the discussion that without informatization flow of goods, services and financial resources are not possible. External market impacts on flow of goods and services: Modern economies are characterised by influences from external market like other countries on the flows of goods, services and financial capital. The demand and supply of goods services in one economy today influences the other. The economies today share resources which allow economies to satisfy the shortage of supply of resources by acquiring it from other economies. Similarly, the excess supply of goods and services can be channelized into other economies (Schaltegger, Hansen and Ldeke-Freund 2016). Thus this integration between markets enables the consumers to obtain goods and service even from foreign markets (Stiglitz and Rosengard 2015). For example, the public services like HSE Ireland enable the people to consume medicines which manufactured in other countries. Thus, it can be inferred that external market influences enable more efficient circulation of goods and services like medicines and medical facilities respectively within Ireland and ensuring of health development among the people (Lei, Mol and Shuai 2017). The findings from the above discussion points out that unlike traditional economy, the term economy in modern sense is more global in nature. The three characteristics of the modern economy are presence of logistics as an important element of flow of goods and services, the use of information technology inmanagement of the global logistics systems and global influences on the domestic markets (Gabaix and Maggiori 2015). These attributes have become more relevant because they enable the governments to shift goods like medical from one part of the country to another. For example, HSE Ireland undertakes rescue operations and evacuation operations of the people during accidents like fire and natural calamities. Thus the public service is heavily dependent on logistics and availability of information during rescuing the victims (Lei, Mol and Shuai 2017). The most notable characteristic of modern economies are that the manufacturing sector and service sector obtain their human resources fr om the educational institutes. For example, HSE acquires trained medical and paramedical staffs to treat patients from reputed medical colleges. The modern economies can again be divided into the following types: Command economic system: A command economic system is a system where the resources are completely under the control of centralised authorities like the governments. The governments in command economies make strategies to control the logistization of goods and services within the economy. These governments as a result have full control over the financial capital which is generated by the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers (Dudin et al. 2014). The governments of command economies take the responsibilities of generating employment and provide services to their people. The command economies do not experience development of private sector industries and do not encourage entry of multinational companies. For example, in the below graph, there are two arbitrary countries, Country A and Country B, both assumed to be command economies. Country A has 200 HSE nurses compared to 100 HSE nurses in demand which means 100 nurses remain unutilised or unemployed. Again, country B produces only 100 HSE nurses compared to 150 HSE nurses demanded which means there exists of a deficit of 50 HSE nurses. This means in case of country A 100 HSE nurses remain unemployed and in case of country B, the supply falls short by 50 HSE nurses. Market economic system: The free market economies or open economies are characterised by participation of household sector and the industrial sector to control flow of goods, services and financial capital. The household sector creates demand for the goods while the industrial sector produces goods and services to fulfil the demand. It is apparent that governments have no role to play in free market economies but in reality free market economies do not exist (Frerichs 2017). The governments in these systems form the policies which the industries have to follow while operating in the market. As far as public sector is concerned, bodies like HSE Ireland regulate the other organisations to ensure that they enforce safety measures for their employees. Thus market economies organisations like HSE ensure benefit of people working in different organisations (Lei, Mol and Shuai 2017). Mixed economic system: Mixed economies are characterised by presence of both public and private sector industries. The governments in these economies control important sectors like defence and railways. The governments in mixed economic systems like Ireland; besides private sector organisations provide their residents with basic services like health services. For example, the Health Services Executive (HSE) is a health service providing body in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The body provides health care services to people, especially the ones who cannot afford expensive treatments in private hospitals (hse.ie 2018). The health sectors in mixed economies experience heavy growth of private sector companies including multinational companies both of indigenous and foreign origin. The governments in the mixed economies form policies and laws to regulate the private sectors (Chueva et al. 2016). Moreover, HSE is a government body which makes policies which all other sectors are supposed to follow in ensuring h ealth and safety of their employees. For example, according to the previous example, let it be assumed that both country A and B have changed to open economies. Now country A can relocate 50 HSE nurses to country B as shown in the graph below. Country B can meet its supply deficit in public sector health service while country A can earn extra revenue. Thus, in mixed economic systems governments facilitate exports and imports of goods between countries. These sharing of resources allow countries producing excess commodities export to other countries which experience shortage of those commodities. The governments and companies involved in exporting commodities are able to earn huge revenues. This discussion proves clearly that term modern economy experiences flow of products and money between countries or economies under strict control of governments (Dudin et al. 2014). Findings from the discussions: The discussion above reveals several facts about the term economy and its usage in the global context. The term economy refers to the system which facilitates flow of goods, services and financial capital. The definition apparently points out that the term economy is autonomous. However, in reality these flows of goods, services and money between countries are not uncontrolled. The governments and international organisations manage the flow of resources within their jurisdiction (Lei, Mol and Shuai 2017). For example, the health sector cannot function efficiently in the Irish economy without the intervention of public sector bodies like HSE. This role of governments in controlling the flow of resources within their jurisdictions has resulted in diversity in the flow of resources and capital generated (Maclean, Jagannathan and Panth 2018). Thus, prominent roles of governments of countries have led to the use of terms economies and countries interchangeably. The discussion points out that the term economy is actually vast and embraces factors like extent of government interventions in the operations of different countries or economies. The traditional economies were restricted within rural areas and were characterised by exchange of goods of equal values. The modern economies are characterised by logistization, use of IT to manage logistics and countries influencing each others markets. The discussion points out that modern economies are characterised by participation of public services like government run public health services like HSE Ireland and their private counterparts (hse.ie 2018). The modern economies are mostly mixed economies which experience presence of private sector companies in manufacturing goods and services. The main role of the governments today is to provide the economies with security from external aggression and form laws to facilitate the functioning of the industrial sector. The discussion stresses on the flow of goods and services and generation of revenue. It must be pointed out that the aim of economic functions is to maximise the flow of products in order to generate maximisation of revenue or gaining efficiency. Economic activities aim to generate maximise output from minimum inputs. It can also be interpreted in monetary terms that efficiency is the capability of earning the maximum possible financial returns from investments in the markets (Serrador and Turner 2015). This aim of economic activities of gaining efficiencies often leads to imprecise use of the two terms interchangeably. Efficiency: The term efficiency generally means the ability to produce target output by wasting minimum amount of resources. The implications of the term target output vary with industry and contexts (Johnson, Leenders and McCue 2017). Efficiency in public sector refers to providing important services to the people either at very low cost or almost free of cost. For example, HSE Ireland is one such public sector health organisation which provides services to people of Ireland on non-profit basis. Thus efficiency here means adding value to money by channelizing it towards public welfare (hse.ie 2018). Types of efficiency: Efficiency in economic perspective: Efficiency in manufacturing industries refers to ability of producing finished goods by generating minimum wastage. The term from economic perspective can mean optimum allocation of resources to satisfy market demands and reducing their wastage. The public health service providing organisations refer to efficiency as their ability to serve maximum number of patients by allocating minimum resources (Gottfredson et al. 2015). The term efficiency today embraces several areas like bringing about economic development of local population, environmental benefits, energy efficiency and stakeholder benefits. For example, the health sector in Ireland is consists of two tiers namely, public sector health care systems and private sector health care facilities. Ireland has one of the advanced healthcare systems in the world where more than fifty percent of the spending comes from the government alone as shown in the graph below (Bukhari and Kazi 2016). The public sector health care systems like HSE Ireland provide employment to a large number of people, thus creating employment opportunities in the countrry. The body collaborates with the voluntary organisations to provide better services, thus bringimg about social welfare. It is evident from the collaboration of HSE Ireland with pathological laboratories and insurance companies to bring about more innovative treatment packages in the public health care system in terms of both product and pricing. It must also be noted that foreign multinational health care and insurance companies are also contributing to the efficiency of the health care facility in Ireland. Thus, it can once be pointed out that collaboration between countries lead to efficiency in different industries as shown in the example (Ranchhod et al. 2014). Thus, this discussion reveals that the close connectedness of efficiency of industries and collaboration between countries (which are often termed as economies) have led to the imprecise use of the terms economies and efficiency. Effectiveness: The term effectiveness refers to the capacity of producing desired outcome. Apparently, it looks as if effectiveness is same as efficiency. A closer look at the effectiveness and its use shows that the term is associated with quality while the term efficiency is more associated with quantity (Serrador and Turner 2015). Production efficiency: The term efficiency is used by economists to refer to the level at which an economy can no longer produce a particular without lowering production of another commodity. Here, the term efficiency can be interpreted as the stage where an economy has allocated its maximum available resources towards producing a commodity and requires allocating more resources from other production systems to continue production of the commodity (Lei, Mol and Shuai 2017). Here again it can be pointed out that countries or economies instead of deducting resources from other economies to increase production of certain commodities, imports resources or finished goods from other economies. For example, public health service bodies like HSE imports medicines from foreign markets to meet the increasing medical demands. This has made more medical facilities available to the people of Ireland, thus making the health sector more efficient (Cao, Duan and Li 2015). This shows that economies play crucial role in ens uring effectiveness in their production of goods. Conclusion: The above discussion clearly points out the grounds responsible for imprecise use of the terms economy, efficiency and effectiveness. These terms are interrelated and are often used interchangeably. The three terms are today used as value for money especially in terms of public services provided by governments all round the world. However, this system though apparently automatic, calls for intervention of governments and international organisations to control these flows of products and money. These pivotal roles of governments in control economic systems have led countries being referred to as economies. The 2nd term, efficiency refers to the capability of governments of countries or their public services arms to produce services by incurring minimum wastage of resources and bearing minimum expenditure. As pointed out, governments play pivotal roles in providing infrastructure for industries to work efficiently and boost their productivities. Thus, economies or countries (government s) play important roles in ensuring efficiency in production of goods (medicines) and services (medical treatments). This important role of economies in gaining efficiency has led to the two being used interchangeably. The third term effectiveness refers to the quality aspect of the services rather than efficiency, which stresses on the quality aspect of the products. The discussion clearly shows that achievement of effectiveness and production of high quality products requires allocation of capital resources which in turn requires companies to be efficient. This means that the companies are required to produce products in large amounts to sell them to maximum consumers and generate high revenue which it can channelize towards gaining effectiveness. Thus, effectiveness is dependent on efficiency and organisations need to achieve both to sustain in the competitive market. It can also be construed from the discussion, that when organisations gain effectiveness and efficiency and earn huge revenue, it ultimately leads the revenue generation of the government of the country. The government can then channelize this revenue towards development of the economy. Thus one can conclude by stating the words economy, efficiency and effectiveness are used imprecisely because they are closely related and one cannot be achieved without fulfilment of the other. References: Arvis, J.F., Saslavsky, D., Ojala, L., Shepherd, B., Busch, C. and Raj, A., 2016. Trade logistics in the global economy: the logistics performance index and its indicators. Audretsch, D.B., Lehmann, E.E. and Wright, M., 2014. Technology transfer in a global economy.The Journal of Technology Transfer,39(3), pp.301-312. Aviva.ie. 2018. About Aviva | Aviva Group Ireland plc. [online] Available at: https://www.aviva.ie/group/aboutaviva/ [Accessed 13 Feb. 2018]. Bukhari, A.N. and Kazi, R., 2016. 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